Austens Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards...

Austens Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards Characters in Pride and Prejudice In her novels, Jane Austen employs the timelessly effective characterization agents of dialogue, action, and point of view to cleverly manipulate the reader’s emotions towards the characters. Austen successfully creates heroins in a time that it was not social acceptable to think of women in a heroic role. She is so successful in applying these characterization techniques in her story lines that she molds a positive feeling towards strong females without the reader even realizing the influence the author’s agents have had, at the same time creating a very entertaining story. In Pride and Prejudice as well as Mansfield Park for example, Jane†¦show more content†¦Bennets and the blind, sheep like following of Kittys. Her strength is also shown in her rejections of the proposals of Mr. Collins and Darcy. Unlike her mother, she does not base her choice of love on the financial security that they could give to her, and has the strength and willingness to reject them. This is a prime example of Austen’s social commentary. She skillfully manipulates the reader into likeing this character, but she gives her features that in everyday life people would think negativly of. This is especially evident in her rejection of Darcys initial proposal, when she displays a great deal of strength in her anger due to her belief that he has willfully prevented Jane and Bingleys marriage and wronged Wickham by refusing to grant him the property that the old Mr. Darcy bestowed upon him. In both cases, the man is self-assured that his proposal will be accepted, and as a result Elizabeths rejections are in proportion to the size of the blows that their egos receive. In Rosings, she does not let Lady Catherine tyrannize her as the mere satellites of money and rank, she thought she could witness without trepidation. The Lucases and Collinses are submissive to Lady Catherine, with Maria being frightened almost out of her senses, and it is probable that society as a whole behavesShow MoreRelatedJane Austen’s Novels and the Contemporary Social and Literary Conventions.12979 Words   |  52 Pagesof Manners, Sentiment and Emulation. 12 2.3 The Gothic Romance. 13 3. Jane Austen and Her Novels in relation to the Contemporary Literature. 15 3.1. Austen’s Criticism about the Contemporary Fiction. 15 3.2. Jane Austen as a Conservative Writer and as a Social Critic. 16 3.3. Austen’s writing in her own perception. 17 4. Pride and Prejudice. 20 4.1. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy – the Reversed Ideals. 20 22 5. Emma 23 5.1. Emma the heroine. 23 5.2. Men of sense and silly wives 26

Perseverance in Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a...

Perseverance in Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Epictetus once wrote, First say what you would be; and then do what you have to do. This aphorism of self-discovery and obligation clearly describes Robert Frosts poem, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. In the course of the poem, Frosts speaker is confronted with two choices: he can either forget his problems or he can follow through with his responsibilities and make the most of life. It is through Frosts remarkable presentation of the speakers thoughts that the reader may see how difficult this decision can be. Through powerful elements, such as alliteration, rhythm, and imagery, Frost stresses the importance of perseverence and facing ones fears and†¦show more content†¦Through clever and distant alliteration, Frost displays the importance of deciding whether to remain strong and press forward or to cowardly give up. Despite its possibly being the more difficult path, Frost signifies the essence of perseverence through rhythm. Throughout the poem, Frost employs a repetitive, trance-like rhythm to compliment the speakers struggle to fight off reality and remain in his carefree world. Furthermore, Jhan Hochman explains it as an ingenious form of interlocking rhyme: the third unrhymed line of the first three stanzas provokes the subsequent stanzas rhymed sound (Hochman 4). Frosts use of rhythm is an eloquent and clever element that expresses the weak and weary state of the speaker in his moment of a life-changing decision. Yet, in the last stanza frost brings his flowing lines to an abrupt halt with But I have promises to keep (Frost 13). With this line, Frost not only shifts the meter of the poem, but also signifies the speakers realization that he cannot give up or quit because of the life commitments he has made. Frost powerfully uses the rhythm in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening to emphasiz e the importance of choosing the path of life and all of its responsibilities instead of the easy way out. With imagery, Frost again stresses the significance of persevering over ones fears. The

Is Killing a Praying Mantis Illegal

Since the 1950s, a rumor has circulated that killing a praying mantis carries a fine. Killing a creature  that looks as though it is on its knees praying might sound at the very list immoral, but, although cruel, it isnt against the law. Mantises are not protected by law, nor has there ever been such a law or statute at the federal, state, or city level in the United States. There are no penalties other than in folkloric traditions from many millennia past. Praying Mantis The insect, scientifically known as a mantis or mantid, seems to charm even the most bug-hating of people. The praying modifier was added  by the public over time. It has  large, raptorial front legs folded as if in prayer and a triangular head with almost inquisitive, bulging eyes that swivel to watch passers-by. The praying mantis appears to have an almost human quality. Although they are erroneously considered to be stick insects or closely related to grasshoppers, their closest relatives are termites and cockroaches. Mantises were thought to have  supernatural powers  by early civilizations, including ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, and Assyria. Females of the species are considered to be femme fatales, sometimes practicing sexual cannibalism by eating their mates after copulation, though other times the females are on the menu. Potential Origins of the Rumor Although it is difficult to determine the origin of the rumor about fines and mantis murder, one could take a few guesses. Gardeners  have long considered the praying mantis to be a  beneficial  insect because they consume many other insects that destroy crops, thereby lessening the need for pesticides. So those who work the land would definitely be in favor of mantis protection and punishment of offenders and could believe it would figuratively be a crime to kill them. One thing about mantises, though: They do not discriminate. They eat all insects, those that are harmful to crops as well as those that are beneficial. Another potential reason for the rumored penalty for killing mantises is that over the millennia there has been a great affinity for the insect. Killing mantises in the ancient world might have been verboten. The mantis was considered a god in southern Africa for its praying posture. The word for the mantis in  Afrikaans  is  Hottentotsgot, which means god of the Khoi.  The ancient Greeks felt the mantis could show lost travelers the way home. According to ancient Egyptians, the bird-fly is a minor god that leads the souls of the dead to the underworld. In ancient Assyria, the mantis was considered a sorcerer and soothsayer. Two Shaolin  martial arts  separately developed in northern and southern China have movements and fighting strategies based on those of the mantis. The Northern Praying Mantis style is the oldest, dating back to the Song or Ming dynasties, circa 900 to  1300. Little-Known Mantis Facts It is a little-known praying mantis fact  that they are among the bugs most widely kept as pets. Because the lifespan of a mantis is only about a year, people who keep mantises often breed them. Two mantises are listed as official state insects: the European mantis in Connecticut and the Carolina mantis in South Carolina.

Essay on The Assassination of John F. Kennedy - 4698 Words

The Assassination of John F. Kennedy On a clear sunny day in Dallas Texas, November 22, 1963 to be exact, at about 12:30pm, the Presidents car rounded the curve in front of the Texas School Book Depository building and proceeded on to Main Street throughout Dally plaza. Shots rang out and the President was rushed to the nearby hospital and was declared dead at 1pm. The Vice President took the oath of office and flew back to Washington with the slain leader. The accused assassin was arrested, charged and then executed on national television in front of millions. Three days latter, the Texas officials in charge of the investigation declared the case closed and the new President set up a hand picked committee to investigate. The†¦show more content†¦Can we really believe that? How can we if in 1963 the Vice President wasnt even held accountable? I think that it is Extremely important for the American people to know that there can be the overthrow of government, that there can be a coup d etat in America, and that, that in fact (it) did happen with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In order to prevent that kind of thing from happening again in order to expose the forces that were responsible for the murder and the cover-up that has ensued#8230; its necessary to expose them, otherwise we can have the same thing happen again#8230; If they were able to do it to John F. John F. Kennedy in 1963, they could do it to some other president in the future. (1) I think that this paragraph sums up the entire spirit of those who continue to research, write about, and study the John F. Kennedy assassination; it has come to phenomenal proportion over the last 36 years with over 2,000 books written on the subject and one Hollywood movie. The theories range from the bizarre such as retaliation from the aliens, to Elvis, to the official conclusion of the Warren Commission that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin. The most common of the conspiracy theories include, Castro, communist, mob, CIA, the North Vietnamese and others. Before we can even start to draw a conclusion on to who was behind the John F. Kennedy assassination we must firstShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1620 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, there has been controversy over whether the true gunman was held accountable. The United States Government claimed that it was an easy, open and closed case. They found Lee Harvey Oswald, close to ground zero, with a freshly fired riffle, immediately after JFK was shot. Contrary to the governments report, skeptics argue a vast scope of conspiracies to shed light on what they believe happened that day; ideas ranging from magic bullets, multipleRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media covera ge, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy â€Å"Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.† President Kennedy stated in his commencement speech at American University on June 10, 1963. John F. Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 to his assassination in November 1963. There are numerous conspiracy theories involving Kennedy’s assassinationRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). T he assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 23, 1963, three shots were fired at President John F. Kennedy’s limousine in Dallas, Texas. The first shot went through the president’s neck, the second was the fatal shot that would ultimately end Kennedy’s life. There is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that LeeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 at 12:30 p.m Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[1] Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while he was riding with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally s wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964Read MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe book I chose to read is The Assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lauren Spencer. It was published in 2002 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. It contains 64 pages. This book not only provides information on the killing of President Kennedy, but also information on his life, the arrested murderer s life, and more interesting background information and details. This books main objective is to go deeper into the case of John F. Kennedy s assassination, to discuss personal information about suspectsRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagessixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by several

Black Money in India - 962 Words

Swiss bank revealed India has more money than rest of the world This is so shocking.. ..If black money deposits was an Olympics event.. India would have won a gold medal hands down. The second best Russia has 4 times lesser deposit. U.S. is not even there in the counting in top five! India has more money in Swiss banks than all the other countries combined! Recently, due to international pressure, the Swiss government agreed to disclose the names of the account holders only if the respective governments formally asked for it.. Indian government is not asking for the details... ..no marks for guessing why? We need to start a movement to pressurize the government to do so! This is perhaps the only way, and a golden†¦show more content†¦However, one may well be aware of Swiss bank accounts, the shorthand for murky dealings, secrecy and of course pilferage from developing countries into rich developed ones. In fact, some finance experts and economists believe tax havens to be a conspiracy of the western world against the poor countries. By allowing the proliferation of tax havens in the twentieth century, the western world explicitly encourages the movement of scarce capital from the developing countries to the rich. In March 2005, the Tax Justice Network (TJN) published a research finding demonstrating that $11.5 trillion of personal wealth was held offshore by rich individuals across the globe. The findings estimated that a large proportion of this wealth was managed from some 70 tax havens. Further, augmenting these studies of TJN, Raymond Baker - in his widely celebrated book titled Capitalism s Achilles Heel: Dirty Money and How to Renew the Free Market System - estimates that at least $5 trillion have been shifted out of poorer countries to the West since the mid-1970. It is further estimated by experts that one per cent of the world s population holds more than 57 per cent of total global wealth, routing it invariably through these tax havens. How much of this is from India is anybody s guess ... if IndiaShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Black Money1108 Words   |  5 PagesHOW CAN THE ISSUE OF BLACK MONEY IN INDIA BE AVOIDED INTRODUCTION In India, the term black money refers to the illegally procured income by the owner in the black market, such as drug trafficking, weapons trading, terrorism, goods supply to black market and lastly corruption which includes giving and taking bribes and illegal commissions, as this income is earned in the black market so evasion of custom duty, excise duty, corporation and income tax take place and it is used for fulfilment of personalRead MoreBlack Money1302 Words   |  6 PagesBlack money is hot topic of common debate in the country now. This article explains in easily understandable way the various aspects of black money, starting with defining black money, generation of black money, how black money is washed and used as normal money, and need to tackle the black money menace, and other related aspects    What does the term Black Money mean? Black money means,the money or income not declared for tax to the govt or relevant authorities, and hence the tax forRead MoreEffects Of Black Money On Indian Economy1679 Words   |  7 Pagesorigin of black money, the consequences of black money on Indian economy. In addition this section will anchor on how the economy is going to change if black money from around the globe is brought back to its country. This review will be done by studying and scanning of existing resources on Indian economy. It will also determine the policies made to stop generating black money in the first place. 2.2 Critical Review 2.2.1 origin black money There are many sources of generation of black money and someRead MoreMoney And Money For Money1240 Words   |  5 PagesSo, people who can explain how they earned the money also show that they been paying the taxes are allowed to keep it, but people with holding more than 250,000 rupees in cash has to explain the source of the money to tax authorities. People found them selves lacking the money for basic transactions, like buying supplies and retail businesses came to a standstill because people hoarded the little cash they had for supplies. The government did not print the new bills until after the announcement andRead MoreWhat Do You Mean By Black Money? Essay824 Words   |  4 Pagesmean by black money? Are you familiar with the biggest shelter of black Money in the world? How much money they reserve and from where it came? Black Money is also called as Illegal Money. Swiss bank is considered as one of the biggest shelters of black money in the whole world with the most amount o f money coming from South Asian countries especially India. Indians tops the list with the largest amount of money stashed in the Swiss Bank. Despite numerous attempts at bringing back black money to IndiaRead MoreCashless Indi A New Beginning Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesCASHLESS INDIA: A NEW BEGINNING Introduction: The Indian Economy post Economic Reforms of 1991 has witnessed drastic growth and development coupled with higher international integration at the global platform. Among various other emerging markets, India promises higher investment returns, which can be further attributed to many factors. The economy of India is seventh-largest in the world in terms of nominal GDP and third-largest in terms of purchasing power parity(PPP)Read MoreModi s Policy And Trump Win : Top 8 Economic Changes Expected Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesTrump Win: Top 8 Economic Changes Expected In Coming Months In the past 15 days, we have witnessed some unbelievable things happening in India and the USA. On November 8, 2016, the Prime Minister of India announced that all currency notes of 500 and 1000 denominations will no longer be valid after four hours from the announcements. Suddenly, the sun rose in India in the night and people start making serpentine queues in many ATM’s and banks. If this action-packed thriller was not enough, the otherRead MoreThe Black Death Of India And The Peasant s Revolt1688 Words   |  7 Pagesexamine the causes and affects of the Black Death in India and the Peasant’s Revolt in England, during the medieval period lasting from the 5th century to the 15th century (500-1500s). Throughout the report, information will include significant individuals involved or affected by the event, a significant occurrence during each event, and finally the interconnections that can be established between the Peasant’s Revolt and Black Death. The Black Death The Black Death is said to be the worst catastropheRead MoreNepal s Effect On India1322 Words   |  6 PagesBackground Nepal’s geography has made Nepal economically dependent on India as it is surrounded on three sides by India and on one (to its north) with the Himalayan range and the region of Tibet. After the devastating earth-quake in Nepal, the country was hit by another humanitarian crisis this time due to a blockade at a crucial crossing on the border with India, which halted oil and other essential supplies landlocked Nepal obtains from its giant neighbor. The unveiling of a new constitution inRead MoreEssay about Native American569 Words   |  3 Pagesstudent shouted it out to the teacher in 5th grade. It finally clicked in my mind that Indians are people from India not America. Native Americans were always portrayed to be accepting culture when confronted with the Europeans during Thanksgiving. In elementary school, everything is happy. I don’t even remember learning American history. Columbus sailed the ocean blue, thought he was in India, and started the trend of labeling Native Americans as â€Å"Indians†. In junior high school, I learned more about

The Theory and Method of Comparative area Studies

Question: Discuss about The Theory and Method of Comparative area Studies? Answer: Introduction Background The topic of domestic violence is a key social issue in the developing, developed and under-developed countries. Children are getting affected by the domestic violence directly and indirectly (Vander Kolk and McFarlane 2012) claimed that, children can be described as the forgotten victims of Domestic violence. Besides being the direct victims of domestic violence, children are getting affected by witnessing domestic violence which affecting their development significantly. Most of the indirect victims live in the environment where their mother or key caregiver is being victimized and thereby affecting childs psychological development. Children living at their home while witnessing their mother being abused feel unsafe, as they are at a greater risk o being abused by them (Cross et al. 2012). They are often being used for controlling their mother. In this scenario, they tend to lose their childhood; the effect is also seen to hamper their educational development. Thus, this issue is o f high concern. In this scenario, the lack of self-worth of the offensive partner makes him feel that he should control all of them, whom he believes himself superior. In a family, children are also included in the domain to be controlled by the offensive member of the family. This research will concern about the effect of domestic violence on the children, who are living in Womens Refuge in UK. Research Aims This research study aims to determine and analyze the impact of domestic violence on the children living in the Womens Refuge in UK. This study also aims to identify the factors affecting children development related to domestic violence. Research Objectives To understand the concept of domestic violence as a social stigma To identify the social and other factors contributing to domestic violence on children in UK To analyze the effects of domestic violence on children living at the Womens Refuge in UK To understand the effects of child abuse on society and its development To suggest recommendations for social work student for enhancing the effectiveness of domestic violence intervention for children living in Womens Refuge in UK. Rationale of the Research Domestic violence is a major concern of social research, the prevalence is increasing day by day and it is affecting the social structure significantly. In this context, besides women, children are at high risk. In the recent era, while domestic violence has been addressed as the well-established form of violence, the society has also provided the similar degree of attention toward child abuse (Sobkoviak, Yount and Halim 2012). Every year in UK, thousands of children experience the physical, psychological and sexual harassments at their home as a result of domestic violence. While addressing the family as the important institution in the society, one negative perspective e of family life is the effect of domestic violence on children, either as a victim or as the witness of the violence, as an indirect victim of the social conflict (Choi et al. 2012). The increased prevalence of domestic violence in developed nations has raised the importance of the issue in social research which is resulting in the increased movements related to the development of womens refuge. As the prevalence rate is increasing it needs additional child protection acts with additional legislations. The children witnessing the domestic violence upon their dear ones are becoming traumatized and their positive development is being creased. Thus, it is the major issue of concern in recent researches. The study would shed light on the research topic by analyzing the effects of domestic violence on children living in womens refuge in UK. Literature Review Concept of Domestic Violence Domestic violence can also be referred to the domestic abuse that is a specific pattern or behavior related to the violence or abuse of one person against other in domestic scenario. The domestic violence can be categorized into different types which include the domestic violence, intimate partner violence and family violence. There are different forms of domestic violence, generally include physical, emotional, sexual, economic, verbal, gender aspects, family violence extensions etc. In general, women and children are the most common victims of domestic violence. However, men are also found to be victims of domestic violence, but the prevalence of women and children abuse by domestic violence are of major concern (Jones et al. 2012). Concept of Domestic Violence on Children Children abuse has been identified as the major issue of concern in social perspective, as it is enhancing the cost of health care and affecting the development of children. The domestic violence makes a coercive and violent environment to the sexual and physical abuse of children. It has been revealed that woman abuse coincides with the children, who are at a greater risk. The literature reviews of North American and Australian studies showed that the co-occurrence of physical child abuse and domestic violence in families varies in different levels. It has been reported by Fisher et al. (2012) that, some child abuse was 15 times more likely to happen in some families where there was domestic violence. Different types of child abuse have been measured. A child can be subjected to the domestic violence in the fetus stage, the fetus can be targeted for being violated or it can be affected by the terrorized mother who has been abused. Children can be physical, emotionally or sexually ha rassed, they often used as the hostage for forcing their mother to return home or they can be forced to be the witness of the violence. Both direct and indirect abuse of children affects their development in several ways. Causes and risk factors influencing domestic violence in Children There are some causes which lead to the domestic violence in children. It has been revealed that, domestic violence itself the potential cause of domestic violence. The children who are the direct victims of domestic violence or have witnessed domestic violence to their mother or other caregivers during their childhood are more prone to become abusive at their adulthood which affects their children brutally. However, there are not single factors causing domestic violence or child abuse; rather child abuse is likely to develop in the families where different risk factors exist (Hart and Rubia 2012). Surveys revealed that families who are under pressure or unable to receive support from others are most often victims of abuse and neglect. A number of risk factors or causative factors of domestic violence towards children are poverty, unemployment, lack of education, social isolation, violence between parents and lack or support from the extended family. In some cases, high expectations from the child, past and childhood history of parents, low self-worth and self-confidence, depression, work pressure, depression, abuse of drug or alcohol as well as some community attitudes like racism, gender inequality, acceptance of physical punishment and use of forces are also the contributors of domestic violence to children. Effect of Domestic Violence on the Children Development Domestic violence on children is one of the major health issue having significant public-health consequences. The effects of domestic violence can be short-term or long-term effects. These effects are relatively linked with the development issues of children. The effects can be from different dimensions. The physical effects or physical injury are the major effects. There can be minor physical injury such as bruises or it can lead to severe cases of broken bones, pain or it can be fatal also. However, it has been revealed that the abuse leaves emotional scars more than the physical ones. Sometimes, physical abuse leads to recurring health problems including impaired brain development, cognitive and language development problems; physical ailments like bronchitis, high bp, asthma and ulcer (Sugaya et al. 2012). It has also been observed that children who were abused are prone to develop psychiatric disorders at the age of 21 including eating disorder, sleeping disorder, depression, an xiety, low-self esteem etc. leading to unresolved long-term psychological effects. Behavioral effects are also identified as he results of domestic violence on children. It has been revealed that abused children are 25% more prone to experience behavioral problems like delinquency, teen drug usage, teen pregnancy etc. Children witnessing domestic violence to their mother are 11 times more prone to show criminal behavior as a juvenile. Theories related to Domestic Violence Biological theories According to the biological theories, the violent behavior is originated from organic and biological resources by the changes in genetic factors and biochemistry of brain during brain development which might be influenced by trauma. According to this theory, the trauma of early exposure to chronic violence leading to the changes in the brain functioning of childs brain function and the violent behavior in adulthood (Norman et al. 2012). Individual Psychopathology theory According to this theory, the domestic violence is originated in the dysfunctional personality structures or individual psychopathology those are more likely to be shaped by the experiences gained in the childhood. Researches have been showed that male batterers are more prone to score low in mental health assessments and criminality indicators in comparison to the nonbatterers. Other researchers have been showed that abusive males witnessing domestic violence or undergoing direct abuse destabilizes the ability to trust and control emotions and reduces the ability to establish a healthy relationship (Thompson and Trice-Black 2012). Social Structure Theory According to this theory, the imbalance of underlying power which might be understood by examining society as a whole aspect is causing the domestic violence. The analysis concentrates upon the male domination over women and children via political, physical and economic control (Hart and Rubia 2012). Relating domestic violence and child abuse in social context Child abuse is a social issue along with domestic violence upon women. It has been suggested that child abuse and domestic violence has a strong link residing within the families. According to Thompson and Trice-Black (2012), abusive fathers are prone to hurt their children emotionally or physically, when the child defends for his mother, to whom the abusive is showing violence. Indirect abuse is also causing social problem which includes educational deficit, children with mental disorders. Children, who are direct or indirect victim of domestic violence are more prone to be related with criminal activity, thereby contributing in the development of a unhealthy society. However, it is more difficult to determine the mechanism how the domestic violence upon women leads to child abuse. It has been seen that, in some child abuse cases, children are not the primary targets. In this context, it can be said that, womens refuge is a safe place for women and children and it attempts to reduce incidence of domestic violence. In recent days, it is seen that, womens refuges are being closed. As a responsible member of society, social work students should take active part in preventing the closure of womens refuge (Chandra and Sharma 2013). Research Questions What is domestic violence? How is it affecting children? What are the risk factors contributing to the domestic violence on children in UK? What are the effects of domestic violence on the children living in the Womens Refuge in UK? What can be done to improve the effectiveness of domestic violence intervention for children living in Women Refuge in UK? Research Methodology As per Ahram (2011), research methodology is one of the important chapters of the entire research work. This is considered important, as this specific chapter provides enough information about how the research work is required to conduct to gain the desired outcome easily. Therefore, it can be easily stated that the use of the proper methods in a systematic way help the researcher to resolve all the research questions as well as the emerged research issues in the present context and along with that to recommend some of the positive suggestions as per the outcomes. Research Philosophy Al (2013) has described that there exist two types of research philosophies and they are positivism philosophy and interpretivism philosophy. In order to carry on this specific task, positivism research philosophy has been selected, as this has justified the situation of the research work. Positivism philosophy has been helpful in those contexts, where the researcher is required to explain the research work with the help of in-depth analysis of the research work. in the other hand, the interpretivism philosophy has been proved to be inappropriate for this particular research work because of the nature of this philosophy. Research Approach Alvesson and Sandberg (2013) have said that there are two types of research approaches and they are deductive research approach and inductive research approach. It has been found that the deductive research approach is concerned with preparing a hypothesis based on the already existing theories and after that designing new research strategy in order to test the hypothesis. In contrast, inductive research approach is associated with qualitative research, while deductive approaches are more easily connected with the quantitative research work. Brown and Stowers (2013) has said that deductive research approach tends to explore an already known theory or phenomenon and examines if that theory is valid in the given circumstances or not. Therefore, the researcher has selected deductive research work instead of inductive research work, as this has justified this particular research work more accurately. Research Design Chandra and Sharma (2013) has stated that descriptive, exploratory and explanatory are the three major parts of the research design and among these three parts, the researcher has selected descriptive research design, as this has helped the researcher to gain valuable information. Eaton (2013) has stated that descriptive research design has helped the researcher to easily relate the research aims and the objectives in order to obtain positive findings of the research work. Data Collection Process: Primary Sources and Secondary Sources In this research work, the researcher has collected both primary and secondary data from surveys and interviews in order to prepare a mixed method of research. Secondary Research The researcher has reviewed the existing literature and this has helped the researcher to gain more knowledge on the research topic. Recently updated books, journals and several websites have helped the researcher to gain related knowledge to research topic (Gornall 2011). Primary Research This research work has helped the researcher to get data from those population, who are directly associated with the current circumstances. Therefore, this research work helps the researcher to gain original knowledge of the situation. Sampling Methods After gaining data from the online survey, the research has undertaken a simple random sampling technique on the fixed sample size of 100 mothers in different women's refuge in UK. Harrison and Reilly (2011) have said that probability sampling technique gives importance on the unbiased management of the huge population in a cost effective manner. On the other hand, to get relevant information from interviews, convenient and non-probability sampling technique has been used on the sample size of 3 managers of womens shelter camp. Sampling Size In order to gain relevant data, the researcher has selected 100 women in Womens refuge camp in different parts of UK. Beside quantitative data collection method, the researcher has gained data from 3 managers through qualitative data collection process. Ethical Issues Leedy and Ormrod (2013) have said that it is important to follow some rules during the conduction of the research work. Data Protection Act of 1998 has stated that any researcher cannot force a person to take part in the survey and interview. Novikov and Novikov (2013) have said that any participant can withdraw his/her participation and the researcher are not allowed to use the gathered data for any other purpose with the consent of the participants. Most importantly, the researcher is not supposed to influence any of the participants, as this might hamper the result of the entire research work. Limitations Time and money are the two major limitations for the researcher to carry on the entire study. If the researcher could have got more time to carry on the research work, the researcher could have collected more data (Popping 2012). Organizational Resources During the conduction of the research work, the team has helped largely to carry on the entire study. Moreover, the funding from the collage has helped to do the research work. Extended support from the supervisors has helped to figure out the research work. Most importantly, help from the classmates have made the entire research work easy. Time Table Task And Time 1st week (1st 2nd) week (2nd-3rd)Week (3rd-4th) week (4th -5th) week 5th Week (5th- 6th)week 6th Week (6th -7th) week 7th Week Introduction and Search for Data Literature Review Research Methodology Design of Data Collection and Methods Data Collection Data Analysis and Presentation Conclusion and Recommendations Proof- Reading Sending First Draft to Supervisor Printing, Binding and Submission Potential Outcomes After conduction of the entire research work, knowledge of preparing further research work has been grown. Apart from that, selection of the research variables, data collection process, data sampling techniques has been learned from the conduction of this specific research work. Techniques for gathering data from the updated books and journals have been achieved after preparation of this particular research work. Reference List Ahram, A. 2011. The Theory And Method Of Comparative area studies. Qualitative Research, 11(1), pp.69-90. Al, S. 2013. Interpretive research design: concepts and processes. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), pp.351-352. Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J. 2013. Constructing Research Questions. London: SAGE Publications. Brown, J. and Stowers, E. 2013. Use of Data in Collections Work: An Exploratory Survey.Collection Management, 38(2), pp.143-162. Chandra, S. and Sharma, M. 2013. Research methodology. Oxford: Alpha Science International Ltd. Choi, J., Jeong, B., Polcari, A., Rohan, M.L. and Teicher, M.H., 2012. Reduced fractional anisotropy in the visual limbic pathway of young adults witnessing domestic violence in childhood.Neuroimage,59(2), pp.1071-1079. Cross, T.P., Mathews, B., Tonmyr, L., Scott, D. and Ouimet, C., 2012. Child welfare policy and practice on children's exposure to domestic violence.Child abuse neglect,36(3), pp.210-216. Eaton, S. 2013. The Oxford handbook of empirical legal research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(6), pp.548-550. Fisher, H.L., Schreier, A., Zammit, S., Maughan, B., Munaf, M.R., Lewis, G. and Wolke, D., 2012. Pathways between childhood victimization and psychosis-like symptoms in the ALSPAC birth cohort.Schizophrenia bulletin, p.sbs088. Gornall, L. 2011. Book Review: Mixed Method Design: Principles and Procedures. Qualitative Research, 11(4), pp.456-457. Harrison, R. L. and Reilly, T. M. 2011 "Mixed methods designs in marketing research", Qualitative Market Research: an International Journal, 14(1), pp. 7 26 Hart, H. and Rubia, K., 2012. Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review.Frontiers in human neuroscience,6(52), pp.1-24. Jones, L., Bellis, M.A., Wood, S., Hughes, K., McCoy, E., Eckley, L., Bates, G., Mikton, C., Shakespeare, T. and Officer, A., 2012. Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.The Lancet,380(9845), pp.899-907. Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. 2013. Practical research. Boston: Pearson. Norman, R.E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J. and Vos, T., 2012. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS Med,9(11), p.e1001349. Popping, R. 2012. Qualitative Decisions in Quantitative Text Analysis Research.Sociological Methodology, 42(1), pp.88-90 Sobkoviak, R.M., Yount, K.M. and Halim, N., 2012. Domestic violence and child nutrition in Liberia.Social science medicine,74(2), pp.103-111. Sugaya, L., Hasin, D.S., Olfson, M., Lin, K.H., Grant, B.F. and Blanco, C., 2012. Child physical abuse and adult mental health: a national study.Journal of traumatic stress,25(4), pp.384-392. Thompson, E.H. and Trice-Black, S., 2012. School-based group interventions for children exposed to domestic violence.Journal of family violence,27(3), pp.233-241. Vander Kolk, B.A. and McFarlane, A.C. eds., 2012.Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. Guilford Press.

Managing Organisational Change Chainging the Business World

Question: Purpose: The primary purpose of this assessment item is to help students develop skills in critical thinking in the analysis of change failure in the organisational context. The secondary purpose of this assessment task is to give students the opportunity to enhance their analysis, critical thinking and written communication skills; particularly in the areas of developing argument and essay writing. Description: Assessment task 1 requires the writing of an academic essay. This essay should be an argumentative essay, and must therefore contain an argument that is used as the structuring element of the paper. Students are expected to engage in extensive research within the academic literature relating to organisational change and evidence your argument from scholarly sources.You are to explore why change efforts fail in organisations and provide evidence from the literature including theories and models to support your argument. Identify and analyse the nature of change failures and the key causes. It would enhance your discussion to use organisational examples to further evidence your claims. Answer: Introduction In the past few years, globalisation has completely changed the face of the business world. Companies are now competing with each other on a global scale and the internal and external factors that can have an impact on the business of an organisation have also increased exponentially. Companies are experiencing technological, governmental, social, economic and many other changes at such a fast pace that the companies now have to implement changes within the organisations in real time. Change management is considered to be one of the most difficult processes for the management of an organisation. There has been a great variation in the success rates of change management programs between organisations that know what they do and those organisations that stumble around without knowing what they exactly have to do. In this assignment, we will discuss why some change efforts in organisations fail (Bain Company, 2015). Change Management Programs Change management programs have now become a necessary evil. Necessary because they help business organisations in coping up with the market trends and changing their operations and resources according to the changing environmental factors and evil because change management program is not easy as it can fail if not implemented properly and under professional guidance (Bain Company, 2015). Failure Of Change Management Programs Change management programs are considered to be nightmares by some organisations as they have experienced the negative impacts of a change management program gone wrong. As a result, companies of today are trying their best to foster a workplace culture that can easily accept changes. Let us now discuss some reasons because of which change management programs fail: Lack of communication one of the most common reasons for the failure of change management program is the lack of communication between the senior management and the employees. Failure of change management does not occurs when the management does not communicate what the change should be like but occurs when the management fails to communicate the need for bringing a change in the prevailing scenario. The top reason for the failure of change management program is when the employees are not communicated about the reasons because of which a change is being introduced. In a recent study, it was found that only 40% of the front line managers thought that they were actually aware about the reasons because of which a change was being planned while 60% of the rest had no idea about the reasons behind the change program. Therefore, it is important that the senior level managers properly communicate the change program to the employees, including the reasons behind the change and the objective s of the change program (Strauss, 2016). Kotter and Lewin, both were pioneers in organisational change management subject and have identified lack of communication an important reason behind the failure of change management programs (Harvard Business Review, 2008). Personal agendas and human nature the second most common reason for the failure of change management programs is the nature of the humans to resist changes. Humans by nature resist change. Humans have their comfort zones and they resist anything and everything that forces them to come out of their comfort zones (Organisational change management: A critical review: Journal of Change Management: Vol 5, No 4, 2016). A change in operations, strategies, routine, etc. brings the employees out of their comfort zones. As a result, they resist the change program being planned and it might fail due to the resistance being provided by the employees. Sometimes, even if the senior level management properly communicates the change program to the employees, there are many employees who resist the change as they feel that the change might hurt their ego or power in the organistaion. They do not try to understand the change program completely and they end up resisting the change program due to their self-interest and ego (Schneier, n.d.). Further, another reason for failure of change programs is when a group of employees is not made a part of it. Such employees form a group and as they feel alienated or excluded and try to resist the change and prevent it from becoming successful. Kotter Schlesinger conducted a number of studies in the field of change management. They identified four primary reasons that cause failure of change programs. Parochial self-interest was on their top list out of the four resistances identified (Study.com, 2016). Lack of leadership most organisations believe that senior level managers are the most appropriate leaders for facilitating a change in the organisation. This is one of the biggest mistakes that the management commits that leads to failure of the change program. It is not necessary that the senior level managers are the best leaders to lead the change. In fact, it has been notices that front line managers and union leaders can prove to be better change agents than the managers of the organisation. Front line managers or the union leaders are the ones whom the employees follow. If the company can convince them and bring them on its side by explaining them the need to implement a change, the employees would be glad to listen to their leaders and would be able to find more sense in things when their leader informs them about the change program. Further, front line managers and union leaders will also play an important role in the whole communication process if they are chosen as the cha nge agents. Therefore, lack of leadership or the lack of effective change agents can also decrease the chances of success of change implementation (Greener and Hughes, 2006). Lack of system in a system, everything is inter related. A change in one of the things will cause changes in all the other things too. Sometimes, when the organisations fail to realize the potential impact of a change program on the other parts of the system, the change management program becomes likely to fail. For example, if a company decides to make some changes by reduce the strength of its customer service department to reduce payroll and increase cash flows, it might have the right do so but it should also be prepared for collateral impacts of the change, such as market reputation, decrease in sales due to less customer service executives, etc. Therefore, to increase the chances of success of change management programs, the management should carefully assess the collateral impacts which the change would have on the other parts of the system (Acceleratedgrowth.org, 2016). Lack of planning for obstacles, setbacks and resistance the problem with most organisations is that they want to implement changes just for the sake of meeting the market trends but they are actually not prepared to facilitate a change in the company. They design a change management plan but what they fail to do is to plan for obstacles, setbacks and resistance. In fact, not everything designed in the change management program goes according to the plans whereas the company has no plans to deal with obstacles, which adds to the misery. Some of the common obstacles faced in the implementation are employee turnovers (including some key employees), change in business environment, requirement of additional time for achieving a short term goal, etc. Such obstacles are inevitable and if the management is not ready to deal with such obstacles, the possibility of failure of the change program increases exponentially (Weindling and Earley, 1986). Realignment of resources one very common mistake that organisations make while planning for a change in the company is that they forget to realign their resources according to the design of the change management program. One common example for this is that an organisation always prepares its budget in the beginning of a new financial year. During the year, if the management decides to bring a change in the organisation, they might not discuss whether they would require additional financial resources to make the change program successful. As a result, the change program might face a failure during its implementation stage due to lack of proper resources. Thus, for a change management plan to succeed, it is crucial that the management allocates proper resources from time to time so that the plan does not fail due to lack of resources (Kotter, 1996). Conclusion It has been correctly phrased that change is the only thing which remains constant i.e. change is inevitable. We live in a time where the external or internal business environment can undergo changes in real time. To survive in such an environment, it is necessary that the business organisations to change their working styles, operations, strategies, etc. from time to time so that they can remain in competition and can adjust themselves according to the latest market trends. Change management is not an easy task as it seems to be. For those organisations that do not have the required expertise for implementing a change, an unplanned change can prove to be a nightmare. Introducing changes in order to compete with the market can sometimes take away whatever advantages such organisations had earlier. Therefore, organisations of business companies should plan a change program very carefully and should definitely have a look at the above points, which can cause a change program to fail altogether. References Acceleratedgrowth.org. (2016). 7 Reasons Why Most Change Management Initiatives Fail | Accelerated Growth Consulting. [online] Available at: https://acceleratedgrowth.org/free-stuff/articles/initiatives-fail/ [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Bain Company, (2015). Change Management Programs. [online] Available at: https://www.bain.com/publications/articles/management-tools-change-management-programs.aspx [Accessed 18 Aug. 2016]. Greener, T. and Hughes, M. (2006). Managing change before change management. Strat. Change, 15(4), pp.205-212. Kotter, J. (1996). Leading change. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. Organisational change management: A critical review: Journal of Change Management: Vol 5, No 4. (2016). Journal of Change Management. [online] Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14697010500359250 [Accessed 18 Aug. 2016]. Schneier, C. (n.d.). The Training and Development Sourcebook. Strauss, S. (2016). Top 7 Reasons Why Organizational Change Fails. [online] Tinypulse.com. Available at: https://www.tinypulse.com/blog/top-7-reasons-why-organizational-change-fails [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Weindling, D. and Earley, P. (1986). How heads manage change. School Organisation, 6(3), pp.327-338.